Cliff Turner – Burning Love Sello: ZYX Records – ZYX 5419, ZYX Records – 5419 Formato: Vinyl, 12', Maxi-Single.
.Derivative forms.Subgenres.Fusion genres.Regional scenes.Other topics.Rock and roll (often written as rock & roll or rock 'n' roll) is a genre of that and evolved in the United States during the late 1940s and early 1950s from musical styles such as, and, along with. While elements of what was to become rock and roll can be heard in blues records from the 1920s and in country records of the 1930s, the genre did not acquire its name until 1954.According to, 'rock and roll' refers to a style of popular music originating in the U.S. In the 1950s prior to its development by the mid-1960s into 'the more encompassing international style known as ',' though the latter also continued to be known as rock and roll.' For the purpose of differentiation, this article deals with the first definition.In the earliest rock and roll styles, either the piano or saxophone was typically the lead instrument, but these instruments were generally replaced or supplemented by guitar in the middle to late 1950s. The beat is essentially a dance rhythm with an accentuated, which is almost always provided by a. Classic rock and roll is usually played with one or two electric guitars (one lead, one rhythm), a double bass or string bass or (after the mid-1950s) an electric bass guitar, and a drum kit.Beyond simply a musical style, rock and roll, as seen in movies, in fan magazines, and on television, influenced lifestyles, fashion, attitudes, and language.
In addition, rock and roll may have contributed to the civil rights movement because both African-American and white American teenagers enjoyed the music. It went on to spawn various genres, often without the initially characteristic backbeat, that are now more commonly called simply ' or 'rock'. Sign commemorating the role of and, Ohio, in the origins of rock and rollThe term 'rock and roll' is defined by as the music that originated in the mid-1950s and later developed 'into the more encompassing international style known as '. The term is sometimes also used as synonymous with 'rock music' and is defined as such in some dictionaries.The phrase 'rocking and rolling' originally described the movement of a ship on the ocean, but was used by the early twentieth century, both to describe the spiritual fervor of black church rituals and as a sexual analogy. Various gospel, blues and swing recordings used the phrase before it became used more frequently – but still intermittently – in the 1940s, on recordings and in reviews of what became known as 'rhythm and blues' music aimed at a black audience.In 1934, the song 'Rock and Roll' by the appeared in the film. In 1942, magazine columnist started to use the term 'rock-and-roll' to describe upbeat recordings such as 'Rock Me'. By 1943, the 'Rock and Roll Inn' in, was established as a music venue.
In 1951, Ohio, disc jockey began playing this music style while popularizing the phrase to describe it. Early rock and roll Origins.
Main article:The origins of rock and roll have been fiercely debated by commentators and historians of music. There is general agreement that it arose in the Southern United States – a region that would produce most of the major early rock and roll acts – through the meeting of various influences that embodied a merging of the African musical tradition with European instrumentation.
The migration of many former slaves and their descendants to major urban centers such as, and (See: ) meant that black and white residents were living in close proximity in larger numbers than ever before, and as a result heard each other's music and even began to emulate each other's fashions. Radio stations that made white and black forms of music available to both groups, the development and spread of the, and African-American musical styles such as and which were taken up by white musicians, aided this process of 'cultural collision'. In 1957The immediate roots of rock and roll lay in the, then called ', and of the 1940s and 1950s. Particularly significant influences were jazz, country,. Commentators differ in their views of which of these forms were most important and the degree to which the new music was a re-branding of African-American for a white market, or a new hybrid of black and white forms.In the 1930s, and particularly, both in urban-based dance bands and blues-influenced country swing (, and other similar singers), were among the first music to present African-American sounds for a predominantly white audience. One particularly noteworthy example of a jazz song with recognizably rock and roll elements is with pianist 's 1939 single, which is regarded as an important precursor of rock and roll.
The 1940s saw the increased use of blaring horns (including saxophones), shouted lyrics and boogie woogie beats in jazz-based music. During and immediately after, with shortages of fuel and limitations on audiences and available personnel, large jazz bands were less economical and tended to be replaced by smaller combos, using guitars, bass and drums. In the same period, particularly on the and in the, the development of, with its guitar riffs, prominent beats and shouted lyrics, prefigured many later developments. In the documentary film, proposes that developed his brand of rock and roll by transposing the familiar two-note lead line of jump blues piano directly to the electric guitar, creating what is instantly recognizable as rock guitar.
Similarly, and supplied many of the elements that would be seen as characteristic of rock and roll. Inspired by, Chuck Berry introduced an aggressive guitar sound to rock and roll, and established the electric guitar as its centrepiece, adapting his rock band instrumentation from the basic blues band instrumentation of a lead guitar, second chord instrument, bass and drums. And his Comets performing in the 1954 Universal International film Round Up of RhythmRock and roll arrived at a time of considerable technological change, soon after the development of the electric guitar, and, and the.
There were also changes in the record industry, with the rise of independent labels like, and servicing niche audiences and a similar rise of radio stations that played their music. It was the realization that relatively affluent white teenagers were listening to this music that led to the development of what was to be defined as rock and roll as a distinct genre. Because the development of rock and roll was an evolutionary process, no single record can be identified as unambiguously 'the first' rock and roll record. Contenders for the title of ' include 's ' (1944), ' by (1949), 's ' (1949), 's ' (1949), which was later by in 1952, ' by and his Delta Cats ( and his band ), recorded by for in March 1951. In terms of its wide cultural impact across society in the US and elsewhere, 's ', recorded in April 1954 but not a commercial success until the following year, is generally recognized as an important milestone, but it was preceded by many recordings from earlier decades in which elements of rock and roll can be clearly discerned.Other artists with early rock and roll hits included Chuck Berry,. Chuck Berry's 1955 classic ' in particular features a solo with warm created by his small. However, the use of distortion was predated by electric blues guitarists such as, of 's band, and; the latter two also made use of distorted in the early 1950s.
Also in 1955, Bo Diddley introduced the ' and a unique electric guitar style, influenced by and and in turn influencing many later artists. Rockabilly. In a promotion shot for in 1957'Rockabilly' usually (but not exclusively) refers to the type of rock and roll music which was played and recorded in the mid-1950s primarily by white singers such as, and, who drew mainly on the country roots of the music. Elvis Presley was greatly influenced and incorporated his style of music with some of the greatest African American musicians like BB King, Chuck Berry and Fats Domino.
His style of music combined with black influences created controversy during a turbulent time in history. Many other popular rock and roll singers of the time, such as and, came out of the black tradition, making the music attractive to white audiences, and are not usually classed as 'rockabilly'.who is a Connecticut resident, began referring to his mix of hillbilly and rock 'n' roll music as rockabilly around 1953. His song 'Guitar Rock' is considered as classic rockabilly. In July 1954, Elvis Presley recorded the regional hit ' at Sam Phillips' in Memphis. Three months earlier, on April 12, 1954, recorded 'Rock Around the Clock'. Although only a minor hit when first released, when used in the opening sequence of the movie a year later, it set the rock and roll boom in motion.
The song became one of the biggest hits in history, and frenzied teens flocked to see Haley and the Comets perform it, causing riots in some cities. 'Rock Around the Clock' was a breakthrough for both the group and for all of rock and roll music. If everything that came before laid the groundwork, 'Rock Around the Clock' introduced the music to a global audience.In 1956, the arrival of rockabilly was underlined by the success of songs like ' by, ' by Perkins and the No. 1 hit ' by Presley. For a few years it became the most commercially successful form of rock and roll.
Later rockabilly acts, particularly performing songwriters like, would be a major influence on acts and particularly on the song writing of and through them on the nature of later rock music. Main article:Doo-wop was one of the most popular forms of 1950s rhythm and blues, often compared with rock and roll, with an emphasis on multi-part vocal harmonies and meaningless backing lyrics (from which the genre later gained its name), which were usually supported with light instrumentation. Its origins were in African-American vocal groups of the 1930s and 40s, such as the and the, who had enjoyed considerable commercial success with arrangements based on close harmonies. They were followed by 1940s R&B vocal acts such as, and, who injected a strong element of traditional gospel and, increasingly, the energy of.
By 1954, as rock and roll was beginning to emerge, a number of similar acts began to cross over from the R&B charts to mainstream success, often with added honking brass and saxophone, with, and all scoring major hits. Despite the subsequent explosion in records from doo wop acts in the later '50s, many failed to chart or were one-hit wonders. Exceptions included, with songs including ' (1955) and with humorous songs like ' (1958), both of which ranked among the most successful rock and roll acts of the era.
Towards the end of the decade there were increasing numbers of white, particularly Italian-American, singers taking up Doo Wop, creating all-white groups like and and racially integrated groups like. Doo-wop would be a major influence on vocal surf music, soul and early Merseybeat, including the Beatles. Cover versions. Main article:Many of the earliest white rock and roll hits were or partial re-writes of earlier black rhythm and blues or blues songs. Through the late 1940s and early 1950s, music had been gaining a stronger beat and a wilder style, with artists such as Fats Domino and speeding up the and increasing the to great popularity on the circuit. Before the efforts of Freed and others, black music was taboo on many white-owned radio outlets, but artists and producers quickly recognized the potential of rock and roll. Some of Presley's early recordings were covers of black rhythm and blues or blues songs, such as ' (a countrified arrangement of a blues number), ', ' and '.
The racial lines, however, are rather more clouded by the fact that some of these R&B songs originally recorded by black artists had been written by white songwriters, such as the team of. Songwriting credits were often unreliable; many publishers, record executives, and even managers (both white and black) would insert their name as a composer in order to collect royalty checks.
Rock and roller performing in 2007Covers were customary in the music industry at the time; it was made particularly easy by the provision of (still in effect). One of the first relevant successful covers was 's transformation of 's 1947 original jump blues hit ' into a more showy rocker and the Louis Prima rocker 'Oh Babe' in 1950, as well as 's cover of what may have been the first white rock and roll record, 's 'Birmingham Bounce' in 1949.
The most notable trend, however, was white pop covers of black R&B numbers. The more familiar sound of these covers may have been more palatable to white audiences, there may have been an element of prejudice, but labels aimed at the white market also had much better distribution networks and were generally much more profitable. Famously, recorded sanitized versions of songs recorded by the likes of Fats Domino, Little Richard, the Flamingos and Ivory Joe Hunter.
Later, as those songs became popular, the original artists' recordings received radio play as well.The cover versions were not necessarily straightforward imitations. For example, Bill Haley's incompletely cover of ' transformed Big Joe Turner's humorous and racy tale of adult love into an energetic teen dance number, while Georgia Gibbs replaced 's tough, sarcastic vocal in 'Roll With Me, Henry' (covered as 'Dance With Me, Henry') with a perkier vocal more appropriate for an audience unfamiliar with the song to which James's song was an, 's 'Work With Me, Annie'.
Elvis' rock and roll version of 'Hound Dog', taken mainly from a version recorded by the pop band, was very different from the blues shouter that had recorded four years earlier. Other white artists who recorded cover versions of rhythm & blues songs included Gale Storm Smiley Lewis' 'I Hear You Knockin', the Diamonds The Gladiolas' 'Little Darlin' and Frankie Lymon & the Teenagers' 'Why Do Fools Fall in Love?' , the Crew Cuts the Chords' 'Sh-Boom' and Nappy Brown's 'Don't Be Angry', the Fountain Sisters The Jewels' 'Hearts of Stone' and the Maguire Sisters The Moonglows' 'Sincerely'.Decline. And his band,.Some commentators have suggested a decline of rock and roll in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Main article:In the 1950s, Britain was well placed to receive American rock and roll music and culture. It shared a common language, had been exposed to American culture through the stationing of troops in the country, and shared many social developments, including the emergence of distinct youth sub-cultures, which in Britain included the and the.
Became popular, and many of its musicians were influenced by related American styles, including boogie woogie and the blues. The craze, led by, utilised amateurish versions of American folk songs and encouraged many of the subsequent generation of rock and roll, folk, R&B and beat musicians to start performing. At the same time British audiences were beginning to encounter American rock and roll, initially through films including (1955) and (1955).
Both movies contained the hit ', which first entered the British charts in early 1955 – four months before it reached the – topped the British charts later that year and again in 1956, and helped identify rock and roll with teenage delinquency. American rock and roll acts such as, and thereafter became major forces in the British charts.
The initial response of the British music industry was to attempt to produce copies of American records, recorded with session musicians and often fronted by teen idols. More grassroots British rock and rollers soon began to appear, including. During this period American Rock and Roll remained dominant; however, in 1958 Britain produced its first 'authentic' rock and roll song and star, when reached number 2 in the charts with '. At the same time, TV shows such as and promoted the careers of British rock and rollers like. Cliff Richard and his backing band, were the most successful home grown rock and roll based acts of the era.
Other leading acts included, and, whose 1960 hit song ' became a rock and roll standard.As interest in rock and roll was beginning to subside in America in the late 1950s and early 1960s, it was taken up by groups in major British urban centres like,. About the same time, a scene developed, initially led by purist blues followers such as and who were directly inspired by American musicians such as,. Many groups moved towards the of rock and roll and rhythm and blues from skiffle, like the who became, producing a form of rock and roll revivalism that carried them and many other groups to national success from about 1963 and to international success from 1964, known in America as the British Invasion. Groups that followed the Beatles included the beat-influenced,. Early groups with more blues influences include,.
Cultural impact. Main article:Rock and roll influenced lifestyles, fashion, attitudes, and language. In addition, rock and roll may have contributed to the civil rights movement because both African-American and white American teens enjoyed the music.Many early rock and roll songs dealt with issues of cars, school, dating, and clothing. The lyrics of rock and roll songs described events and conflicts that most listeners could relate to through personal experience. Topics such as sex that had generally been considered taboo began to appear in rock and roll lyrics. This new music tried to break boundaries and express emotions that people were actually feeling but had not talked about.
An awakening began to take place in American youth culture. Race In the crossover of African-American 'race music' to a growing white youth audience, the popularization of rock and roll involved both black performers reaching a white audience and white musicians performing African-American music.
Rock and roll appeared at a time when racial tensions in the United States were entering a new phase, with the beginnings of the movement for, leading to the ruling that abolished the policy of ' in 1954, but leaving a policy which would be extremely difficult to enforce in parts of the United States. The coming together of white youth audiences and in rock and roll inevitably provoked strong white racist reactions within the US, with many whites condemning its breaking down of barriers based on color. Many observers saw rock and roll as heralding the way for desegregation, in creating a new form of music that encouraged racial cooperation and shared experience. Many authors have argued that early rock and roll was instrumental in the way both white and black teenagers identified themselves. Teen culture. 'There's No Romance in Rock and Roll' made the cover of True Life Romance in 1956Several rock historians have claimed that rock and roll was one of the first music genres to define an age group. It gave teenagers a sense of belonging, even when they were alone.
Rock and roll is often identified with the emergence of teen culture among the first generation, who had greater relative affluence and leisure time and adopted rock and roll as part of a distinct subculture. This involved not just music, absorbed via radio, record buying, jukeboxes and TV programs like, but also extended to film, clothes, hair, cars and motorbikes, and distinctive language.
The youth culture exemplified by rock and roll was a recurring source of concern for older generations, who worried about juvenile delinquency and social rebellion, particularly because to a large extent rock and roll culture was shared by different racial and social groups.In America, that concern was conveyed even in youth cultural artifacts such as. In 'There's No Romance in Rock and Roll' from True Life Romance (1956), a defiant teen dates a rock and roll-loving boy but drops him for one who likes traditional adult music—to her parents' relief.
In Britain, where postwar prosperity was more limited, rock and roll culture became attached to the pre-existing movement, largely working class in origin, and eventually to the. Rock and roll has been seen as reorienting popular music toward a youth market, as in ' ' (1960). Dance styles From its early 1950s beginnings through the early 1960s, rock and roll spawned new including the.
Teenagers found the syncopated rhythm especially suited to reviving Big Band-era dancing., school and church gym dances, and home basement dance parties became the rage, and American teens watched 's to keep up on the latest dance and fashion styles. From the mid-1960s on, as 'rock and roll' was rebranded as 'rock,' later dance genres followed, leading to,. Bogdanov, V.; Woodstra, C.; Erlewine, S. All Music Guide to Rock: the Definitive Guide to Rock, Pop, and Soul (3rd ed.). Milwaukee, WI: Backbeat Books.
Rock and Roll: A Social History, by Paul Friedlander (1996), Westview Press ( ). 'The Rock Window: A Way of Understanding Rock Music' by Paul Friedlander, in, Volume I, number 1, Spring, 1988. The Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll by Holly George-Warren, Patricia Romanowski, Jon Pareles (2001), Fireside Press ( ). The Sound of the City: the Rise of Rock and Roll, by Charlie Gillett (1970), E.P.
Dutton. (1969). (audio). by (1996), Random House ( ). The Rolling Stone Illustrated History of Rock and Roll: The Definitive History of the Most Important Artists and Their Music by editors James Henke, Holly George-Warren, Anthony Decurtis, Jim Miller (1992), Random House ( )External links.